Anatomy of a Brush

First, realize that a Brush is technically any tool that's linked up with the controls in the Brushes panel. That means that not only is the Brush Tool a brush, but so are all of these:

• Brush Tool
• Pencil Tool (Basically a quick way of choosing a small brush)
• Not the rarely used (read, useless) Color Replacement Tool
• Mixer Brush Tool (Very Cool!)

• Clone Stamp Tool
• Pattern Stamp Tool

• History Brush Tool
• Art History Brush Tool

• Eraser Tool

• Blur Tool
• Sharpen Tool
• Smudge Tool

• Dodge Tool (Lighten and decrease contrast)
• Burn Tool (Darken and increase contrast)
• Sponge Tool (Desaturator)

That's 14 different tools that use the Brush Engine in Photoshop. But for our purposes, let's just consider these 4:

1. Brush Tool
2. Mixer Brush Tool
3. Eraser Tool
4. Smudge Tool

Reset Brush Settings

First, let's choose the Brush tool from the Toolbar

Next, let's pick a brush, like Soft Round from the Brushes panel

And let's break down the most relevant settings. Many of the settings are irrelevant or useless, but the most important three are:

• Brush Tip Shape
• Shape Dynamics
• Transfer

Brush Tip Shape

Note: You can create your own brush shape by drawing it then selecting
Menu Edit Define Brush Preset...

This controls the shape of the brush. You can even capture a shape from the document window to use as a brush shape. There are 30 different tip shapes used in the Default Brushes. You can control:

• Default Size
• Overridden by the   [   and   ]   keys, which increment and decrement the size thustly:
  1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,then
  15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,then
  60,70,80,90,100 then
  125,150,175,200 then
  250,300,then
  400,500,600...5,000 (in 100 unit steps)
• Also overridden by Control+Option (Mac) Alt+Right Mouse (Win) Drag left/right
• Unlike other properties, Size is not usually set as a part of the brushes properties, so when you return to the brush after using another, it will be the last size it got set to

Pixel size of the brush is dependent on the PPI of the image. A 100pixel brush will be like using a 1inch brush on physical media when the PPI is set to 100 Pixels Per Inch. It the PPI is 50 Pixels Per Inch, then a 100pixel brush will be like using a 2 inch brush on physical media

• Roundness and Angle
• Controls the aspect ratio or thick & thinness of the brush tip shape. Can be flipped with the two check boxes.
• Default Hardness
• How soft or hard the edge of the brush tip shape is. 0% is as soft as possible, 100% the hardest
• Override with the   {   and   }  keys which increment 0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%
• Or with Control+Option (Mac) Alt+Right Mouse (Win) Drag left/right
• Spacing
• The distance between imprints of the brush tip shape, in percent of the tip's size. 1% minimum is as close as they can be set together, 1000% the maximum.

Shape Dynamics

This controls the Size, Angle and Roundness of the brush. Mostly, it's what allows a brush to react to pen stylus pressure

• Size Jitter
• Jitter is an important concept in Photoshop brushes. It's what gives a sense of randomness and non-computerness to a given property. In essence, it randomly changes the value of a property. Measured as a percentage of the maximum range (sort of).
• Size Control (first Control popup)
• Popup menu to select the control method for the Size of the brush tip shape. You can choose from Off, Fade, Pen Pressure, Pen Tilt, and Stylus Wheel
• Fade: Let's the brush size fade out as the line is drawn out
• Pen Pressure: The most common use for a graphic tablet. The harder you press the stylus, the more the brush property changes.

Most pens have a sensitivity level between 0 and 1023, while some have between 0 and 8192. I don't think it's humanly possible to sense that many levels, so don't spend extra money for that feature.

• Pen Tilt: Most tablets can give feedback on the tilted angle of the stylus relative to its surface, from 90° to around 40°. This can be used by Photoshop as a control. Personally, I've never been able to make it useful

• Stylus Wheel: Wacom makes a stylus that has a wheel built into it like the scroll wheel on a mouse (on the left). Made to act like a traditional airbrush (on the right). And I suppose you could use the mouse's wheel, but then you loose pressure sensitivity
• Minimum Diameter
• The diameter of the brush when the lightest pen pressure is applied

• Tilt Scale
• Only available if the Control of the Size is set to Pen Tilt
• Angle Jitter and Angle Control
• Usually the Control of the Angle is set to the Pen Tilt control. I've never been able to get the hang of it...
• Roundness Jitter and Roundness Control
• You could use pen pressure for this, but it's mostly useless

Transfer

Contains two important properties, Opacity and Flow. Opacity, as we know, can also be controlled with the Number keys at the top of the keyboard, and is pretty much what it sounds like. You can also think of it as Transparency, but the higher the Opacity value is, the more opaque (and less transparent) the brush is.

Flow, on the other hand, is the amount of color the brush lays down as if moves over itself and when the brush isn't lifted off the document. Hard to explain, works best with Airbrush style brushes and a few others... Mostly, it's handy for building up color slowly with multiple passes of the brush, but without the need to release the brush with each pass.

Opacity set to 50, Flow set to 100%. Notice that the diagonal stroke is a second drop of the brush and you can see the layering of the opacities

Opacity set to 100, Flow set to 5%. This example is one single stroke. Notice that the color builds up and becomes more opaque at the bottom where I've used multiple passes (without lifting) of the brush.

The other Brush Settings (and there are a lot of them) are less important for now.

Using the Control Panel

The Control Panels is that widget at the top of the Photoshop UI, just under the Menus. It's context sensitive, so it gives you information and access to settable properties for the currently chosen tool. For the Brush tool it looks like this:

Beyond Basic Brushes

Dry Media, Wet Media, & Special Effects by Kyle

Who the heck is Kyle anyway?

Kyle T. Webster is a professional illustrator whose built a massive amount of custom brushes for Adobe Photoshop. They got to be so popular that Adobe has licensed them to be built some of them into Photoshop and made hundreds more available through the Adobe Creative Cloud. It was getting to where there were so many legacy brushes in earlier versions of Photoshop that they were impossible for Adobe to maintain, so they pulled them from Photoshop CC 2018 and substitued a set of 20 brushes created by Kyle. You can activate the legacy brushes through the Brushes panel, but I wouldn't. They're a mess and badly organized. Instead, if you need a kind of brush to do a specific sort of thing, go to the Creative Cloud and download a set.

Be aware that some of the brushes in the three categories are not Brushes, but are sometimes Smudge tools, Erasers, and Mixer Brush tools (more on Mixer Brushes later).

The easiest way to get new Kyle (and other) brushes is to choose the Get More Brushes..., which will take you to the Creative Cloud. This requires a Creative Cloud account, which you may or may not have. For now, I suggest sticking with the ones that ship with Photoshop.

But if you do want Kyle's Photoshop brushes, get them from Adobe here.

Dry Media Brushes

Emulates traditional dry media, like pencils, charcoal, and pastels

Regular pencil. Uses paper texture

Softer pencil. Uses paper texture

Really soft pencil. Uses paper texture

Like a charcoal stick. Uses paper texture

Nice tool! Acts like a soft pastel.

Not a brush! An eraser! Check out the icon in the upper right.

Wet Media Brushes

Emulates traditional wet media, like water color, oil and acrylic paints

Like a thick nibbed pen

Similar to previous, but with some paper texture

Not a brush but a blender! Very useful.
 

Has a beat-up brush texture

Thick goopy brush texture

Interesting. Gives a very Painterly effect.

Special Effects Brushes

A catch-all category for things that sort of don't exist in the real world, like Spatter, Foliage, Scratch, and Screentones.

Legacy Brushes

Photoshop still has all it's old brushes, but you have to explicitly load them into Photoshop to use them. You don't need a Creative Cloud accounto to access them, either. There are two sets, both found under the popup menu in the Brushes panel: Converted Legacy Tool Presets and Legacy Brushes. I'm not sure why there are two sets, but you have to seperately load them if you want to use them.

To load them, just pick them from the popup menu and click on the OK button in the dialog that appears:

Better than average brushes
Don't waste your time brushes

This effectively gives you 624 new brushes (!), divided into two folders, Converted Legacy Tool Presets and Legacy Brushes, within which are multiple folders with multiple brushes. Probably 90% are useless.