// Serial_Debugging
// Using serial.println to debug your code
//
// Arduino can talk back to the computer with information
// about itself using serial communications. This can be really 
// handy for debugging your code by checking the value of certain
// variable while the Arduino is running.

// Set variables
int myVariable = 0;

// Setup
void setup()
{
  //"Serial.begin(somenumber)" tells the Arduino to start using serial 
  // communications. You have to tell it what "baud" rate to use.
  // "baud" (named after Emile Baudot, a pioneer in telecommuncations
  // from the 19th century) is the speed at which the data flows over 
  // pins 0 and 1 between the Arduino board and the Arduino application.
  // The baud rates must match each other to work. You set the baud rate
  // in the Arduino application by clicking on the Serial Monitor button
  // in the top menu in the application window and chosing the rate
  // from the popup menu in the lower left of this screen. 9600 is a 
  // mid-range speed and is pretty reliable.
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

// Loop
void loop()
{
  //"Serial.print" and "Serial.println" tells the Arduino board to send 
  // the value of whatever is in its parenthesis to the Arduino application. 
  //"Serial.println" is like "Serial.print" except it adds a "line" 
  // each time its called.
  Serial.print("The value of myVariable is: ");
  Serial.println(myVariable);
  myVariable = myVariable + 1;
}
				

// Delay-Free Timing 01
//
// The Arduino has a built in clock that gives out the number of 
// milliseconds the Arduino has been running since the last reset
// (it actually is a finite number, and resets to 0 after about
// 9 hours and 32 minutes). We can use this number, millis(), to
// check how long it has been since something has happened, like
// the last time an LED was turned on. This can eliminate the bottleneck
// caused by the delay() command.

// Set variables
// Set up three timers, each with a different offset to check against.
long timer1 = 0;           // Timers are measured in milliseconds, 
                           // which quickly get quite large.
                           // We'll use "long" instead of "int" 
                           // because int can only store a number 
                           // from -32,768 to 32,768, or + or - 2 
                           // to the 15th power, or 2 bytes.
                           // "long" extends the range to 4 bytes, 
                           // or +/- 2,147,483,684
int  timer1offset = 1000;  // timer1offest will hold the length 
                           // of time were using instead of a delay()                        
// Setup pins
int ledPin1 = 11;

void setup() {             // The standard stuff...
    Serial.begin(9600);    // Setup the serial communications so 
                           // we can debug
    pinMode(ledPin1, OUTPUT);  
    timer1 = millis();     // Setting the timer to the milliseconds 
                           // since the board was reset
}

// Das Loop...
void loop() {
  // Timer 1
  if((timer1 + timer1offset) < millis() ) { 
                            // In other words, if timer1 plus an 
                            // offset, say 123 + 1000, is less than 
                            // the current time, say 1300, 
                            // then the timer is finished, so do 
                            // something and reset the timer to 
                            // the current time.
     doFlash();             // doFlash is a custom function we wrote
                            // ourselves, as opposed to a 
                            // built-in command.
     timer1 = millis();  
  }
}

// A new function!
void  doFlash() {
  Serial.println(digitalRead(ledPin1)); // Output the status to 
                                        // the serial port
  digitalWrite(ledPin1, !digitalRead(ledPin1)); 
    // This is a neat trick. "!" means "not"
    // in Arduino language. When we say
    // !digitalRead(ledPin1) we're saying
    // "make this statement the opposite
    // of what is says"
}
				

// Delay-Free Timing 02
//
// In this case, we will set up a bunch of independent timers

// Set variables
// Set up three timers, each with a different offset to check against.
long timer1 = 0; // "long" variables are a special kind of number, which
                 // takes up 4 bytes of space to store (where "int" only takes
                 // up 2 bytes). Range of numbers are from 
                 // -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. If we left it just an 
                 // "int" we would likely run out of numbers after only a 
                 // couple of minutes. "long" can last for days of continuous
                 // running.         
int  timer1offset = 1000;                         
long timer2 = 0;           
int  timer2offset = 900;                         
long timer3 = 0;           
int  timer3offset = 800;   
long timer4 = 0;           
int  timer4offset = 700;   
long timer5 = 0;           
int  timer5offset = 600;   
long timer6 = 0;           
int  timer6offset = 500;   

// Setup pins
int ledPin1 = 11;
int ledPin2 = 10;
int ledPin3 = 9;
int ledPin4 = 8;
int ledPin5 = 7;
int ledPin6 = 6;

void setup() {        // The standard stuff...
  Serial.begin(9600); // Setup the serial communications so we can debug
  // Save some vertical space by combining lines
  pinMode(ledPin1, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin2, OUTPUT); 
  pinMode(ledPin3, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin4, OUTPUT); 
  pinMode(ledPin5, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin6, OUTPUT); 
  timer1 = millis(); timer2 = millis(); timer3 = millis();
  timer4 = millis(); timer5 = millis(); timer6 = millis();   
  // Start with all pins on
  digitalWrite(ledPin1,HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin2,HIGH); 
  digitalWrite(ledPin3,HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin4,HIGH); 
  digitalWrite(ledPin5,HIGH);  digitalWrite(ledPin6,HIGH); 
}

// Das Loop...
void loop() {
  if((timer1 + timer1offset) < millis() ) {   //Timer 1
     doLED1();              
     timer1 = millis();  
  }
  if((timer2 + timer2offset) < millis() ) {   //Timer 2
     doLED2();              
     timer2 = millis();  
  }
  if((timer3 + timer3offset) < millis() ) {   //Timer 3
     doLED3();              
     timer3 = millis();  
  }
  if((timer4 + timer4offset) < millis() ) {   //Timer 4
     doLED4();              
     timer4 = millis();  
  }
  if((timer5 + timer5offset) < millis() ) {   //Timer 5
     doLED5();              
     timer5 = millis();  
  }
  if((timer6 + timer6offset) < millis() ) {   //Timer 6
     doLED6();              
     timer6 = millis();  
  }
}

// The doLED functions
void doLED1() {
  Serial.print("LED 1: ");
  Serial.println(!digitalRead(ledPin1));
  digitalWrite(ledPin1,!digitalRead(ledPin1));
}
void doLED2() {
  Serial.print("LED 2: ");
  Serial.println(!digitalRead(ledPin2));
  digitalWrite(ledPin2,!digitalRead(ledPin2));
}
void doLED3() {
  Serial.print("LED 3: ");
  Serial.println(!digitalRead(ledPin3));
  digitalWrite(ledPin3,!digitalRead(ledPin3));
}
void doLED4() {
  Serial.print("LED 4: ");
  Serial.println(!digitalRead(ledPin4));
  digitalWrite(ledPin4,!digitalRead(ledPin4));
}
void doLED5() {
  Serial.print("LED 5: ");
  Serial.println(!digitalRead(ledPin5));
  digitalWrite(ledPin5,!digitalRead(ledPin5));
}
void doLED6() {
  Serial.print("LED 6: ");
  Serial.println(!digitalRead(ledPin6));
  digitalWrite(ledPin6,!digitalRead(ledPin6));
}